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Hibernate 多對一（Many-to-One）映射

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多對一（many-to-one）關聯是最常見的關聯關係，其中一個對象可以與多個對象相關聯。例如，一個相同的地址對象可以與多個雇員的對象相關聯。

定義RDBMS表：

考慮一個情況，我們需要員工記錄存儲在EMPLOYEE表，將有以下結構：

create table EMPLOYEE (
   id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
   first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
   last_name  VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
   salary     INT  default NULL,
   address    INT NOT NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

此外，許多員工都可以有相同的地址，所以這種關聯可以使用許多一對一的關聯呈現。我們將存儲地址相關的信息在一個單獨的表，該表具有以下結構：

create table ADDRESS (
   id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
   street_name VARCHAR(40) default NULL,
   city_name VARCHAR(40) default NULL,
   state_name VARCHAR(40) default NULL,
   zipcode VARCHAR(10) default NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

同時創建RBDMS表，並讓他們準備下一個實現。

定義POJO類：

讓我們實現一個POJO類員工將被用於保存與EMPLOYEE表的對象和其地址類型的變量。

import java.util.*;

public class Employee{
   private int id;
   private String firstName; 
   private String lastName;   
   private int salary;
   private Address address;

   public Employee() {}
   public Employee(String fname, String lname, 
                   int salary, Address address ) {
      this.firstName = fname;
      this.lastName = lname;
      this.salary = salary;
      this.address = address;
   }
   public int getId() {
      return id;
   }
   public void setId( int id ) {
      this.id = id;
   }
   public String getFirstName() {
      return firstName;
   }
   public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
      this.firstName = first_name;
   }
   public String getLastName() {
      return lastName;
   }
   public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
      this.lastName = last_name;
   }
   public int getSalary() {
      return salary;
   }
   public void setSalary( int salary ) {
      this.salary = salary;
   }

   public Address getAddress() {
      return address;
   }
   public void setAddress( Address address ) {
      this.address = address;
   }
}

我們需要定義相應的地址表，這樣地址對象可以存儲和檢索到地址表中的另一個POJO類。

import java.util.*;

public class Address{
   private int id;
   private String street;     
   private String city;     
   private String state;    
   private String zipcode; 

   public Address() {}
   public Address(String street, String city, 
                  String state, String zipcode) {
      this.street = street; 
      this.city = city; 
      this.state = state; 
      this.zipcode = zipcode; 
   }
   public int getId() {
      return id;
   }
   public void setId( int id ) {
      this.id = id;
   }
   public String getStreet() {
      return street;
   }
   public void setStreet( String street ) {
      this.street = street;
   }
   public String getCity() {
      return city;
   }
   public void setCity( String city ) {
      this.city = city;
   }
   public String getState() {
      return state;
   }
   public void setState( String state ) {
      this.state = state;
   }
   public String getZipcode() {
      return zipcode;
   }
   public void setZipcode( String zipcode ) {
      this.zipcode = zipcode;
   }
   
}

定義Hibernate映射文件：

開發我們的映射文件，可指示Hibernate如何定義的類映射到數據庫表。<many-to-one>進行元素將被用來定義規則建立Employee和Address實體之間的多對一關係。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC 
 "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
 "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> 

<hibernate-mapping>
   <class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
      <meta attribute="class-description">
         This class contains the employee detail. 
      </meta>
      <id name="id" type="int" column="id">
         <generator class="native"/>
      </id>
      <property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
      <many-to-one name="address" column="address" 
       class="Address" not-null="true"/>
   </class>

   <class name="Address" table="ADDRESS">
      <meta attribute="class-description">
         This class contains the address detail. 
      </meta>
      <id name="id" type="int" column="id">
         <generator class="native"/>
      </id>
      <property name="street" column="street_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="city" column="city_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="state" column="state_name" type="string"/>
      <property name="zipcode" column="zipcode" type="string"/>
   </class>

</hibernate-mapping>

應該保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。保存映射文件中的文件Employee.hbm.xml。已經熟悉了大部分的映射細節，但讓我們再次看看映射文件中的所有元素： 

  • 映射文檔是具有<hibernate-mapping>為對應於每一個類包含2個<class>元素的根元素的XML文檔。

  • <class>元素被用於定義數據庫表從一個Java類特定的映射。 Java類名指定使用class元素的name屬性和使用表屬性數據庫表名指定。

  • <meta>元素是可選元素，可以用來創建類的描述。

  • <id>元素映射在類中的唯一ID屬性到數據庫表的主鍵。 id元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數據庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型，這種類型的映射將會從Java轉換為SQL數據類型。

  • id元素內<generator>元素被用來自動生成的主鍵值。將生成元素class屬性設置為原生讓Hibernate拾取無論是identity，sequence或者hilo的算法來創建主鍵根據底層數據庫的支持能力。

  • <property>元素用於一個Java類的屬性映射到數據庫表中的列。元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數據庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型，這種類型的映射將會從Java轉換為SQL數據類型。

  • <many-to-one>進行元素是用來設置EMPLOYEE和地址的實體之間的關係。name屬性被設置為在父類中定義的變量，在我們的情況下，它是地址。列屬性用於在父表EMPLOYEE集的列名。

最後，我們將創建應用程序類的main（）方法來運行應用程序。我們將使用這個應用程序，以節省一些employee連同的記錄他們的地址，然後我們將申請CRUD操作上的記錄。

import java.util.*;
 
import org.hibernate.HibernateException; 
import org.hibernate.Session; 
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;

public class ManageEmployee {
   private static SessionFactory factory; 
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      try{
         factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
      }catch (Throwable ex) { 
         System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
         throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex); 
      }
      ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();

      /* Let us have one address object */
      Address address = ME.addAddress("Kondapur","Hyderabad","AP","532");

      /* Add employee records in the database */
      Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, address);

      /* Add another employee record in the database */
      Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, address);

      /* List down all the employees */
      ME.listEmployees();

      /* Update employee's salary records */
      ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);

      /* Delete an employee from the database */
      ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);

      /* List down all the employees */
      ME.listEmployees();

   }

   /* Method to add an address record in the database */
   public Address addAddress(String street, String city, 
                             String state, String zipcode) {
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      Integer addressID = null;
      Address address = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         address = new Address(street, city, state, zipcode);
         addressID = (Integer) session.save(address); 
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
      return address;
   }

   /* Method to add an employee record in the database */
   public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, 
                              int salary, Address address){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      Integer employeeID = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary, address);
         employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee); 
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
      return employeeID;
   }

   /* Method to list all the employees detail */
   public void listEmployees( ){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list(); 
         for (Iterator iterator = 
                           employees.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();){
            Employee employee = (Employee) iterator.next(); 
            System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName()); 
            System.out.print("  Last Name: " + employee.getLastName()); 
            System.out.println("  Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
            Address add = employee.getAddress();
            System.out.println("Address ");
            System.out.println("	Street: " +  add.getStreet());
            System.out.println("	City: " + add.getCity());
            System.out.println("	State: " + add.getState());
            System.out.println("	Zipcode: " + add.getZipcode());
         }
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
   }
   /* Method to update salary for an employee */
   public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         Employee employee = 
                    (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); 
         employee.setSalary( salary );
         session.update(employee);
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
   }
   /* Method to delete an employee from the records */
   public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
      Session session = factory.openSession();
      Transaction tx = null;
      try{
         tx = session.beginTransaction();
         Employee employee = 
                   (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); 
         session.delete(employee); 
         tx.commit();
      }catch (HibernateException e) {
         if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
         e.printStackTrace(); 
      }finally {
         session.close(); 
      }
   }
}

編譯和執行：

下麵是步驟來編譯並運行上述應用程序。請確保已在進行的編譯和執行之前，適當地設置PATH和CLASSPATH。

  • 創建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件中配置章節解釋。

  • 創建Employee.hbm.xml映射文件，如上圖所示。

  • 創建Employee.java源文件，如上圖所示，並編譯它。

  • 創建Address.java源文件，如上圖所示，並編譯它。

  • 創建ManageEmployee.java源文件，如上圖所示，並編譯它。

  • 執行ManageEmployee二進製文件來運行程序。

在屏幕上獲得以下結果，並同時記錄會在員工和地址表創建。

$java ManageEmployee
.......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........

First Name: Manoj  Last Name: Kumar  Salary: 4000
Address
        Street: Kondapur
        City: Hyderabad
        State: AP
        Zipcode: 532
First Name: Dilip  Last Name: Kumar  Salary: 3000
Address
        Street: Kondapur
        City: Hyderabad
        State: AP
        Zipcode: 532
First Name: Manoj  Last Name: Kumar  Salary: 5000
Address
        Street: Kondapur
        City: Hyderabad
        State: AP
        Zipcode: 532

如果檢查員工和地址表，就應該記錄下了：

mysql> select * from EMPLOYEE;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+---------+
| id | first_name | last_name | salary | address |
+----+------------+-----------+--------+---------+
|  1 | Manoj      | Kumar     |   5000 | 5       |
+----+------------+-----------+--------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from ADDRESS;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+
| id | street_name | city_name | state_name | zipcode |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+
|  1 | Kondapur    | Hyderabad | AP         | 532     |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>


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